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Vol.
67, No. 3
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Yuichi TANJI
The marketing policy of Dai Nippon Brewery Co., 1906-1939
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The Dai Nippon Brewery Co. was formed in 1906 through the merger of
three companies, the Sapporo Beer Co., the Japan Beer Brewery Co. and
the Osaka Beer Brewery Co. The company expanded and diversified after
World War I and merged with the Nippon Beer Kosen Co. in 1933. These
mergers resulted in a large-scale company which promoted the formation
and expansion of a national special-contract sales network (tokuyaku
hanbaimo) larger and more extensive than that of any other food producer.
By giving various incentives to chain stores (tokuyakuten), the company
was able to promote sales and achieve a high level of stability, with
the exception of the period from 1927 to 1932.
The purpose of this article is to examine the marketing policies of
the Dai Nippon Brewery Co. with particular reference to (1) the management
of the company in the long period of continuous growth which preceded
World War II, and (2) the role of the chain store system in the company's
success.
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Ayako ISHIZAKA
The postwar currency plan of the Reichsbank during the second World
War: the development and failure of the clearing union scheme
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This article deals with the activity of the Reichsbank in connection
with postwar currency proposals. It tries to explain the discussion
of the plans prepared by the Reichsbank, and the reason why in the end
this discussion proved fruitless.
In the early stage of the war, at the height of German success, the
Reichsbank denied that there was anything worth defending about a monetary
regime based on gold and developed European schemes. Emil PUHL, the
Reichsbank Vice-President, envisaged the European Clearing Union. It
was intended that the European economy would be tied together through
a multilateralized clearing in place of bilateral agreements.
However, the tide of the war turned, and it was clear that the postwar
reordering would take place on the basis elaborated by the allies. The
Reichsbank was much more interested in the Allied schemes for the postwar
order. Per JACOBSSON, the chief economist of the Bank for International
Settlements, was invited to Berlin in June 1943 to explain the currency
plans of John M. KEYNES and Harry D. WHITE. PUHL preferred Keynes' plan
to the White plan, because he recognized elements of the Reichsbank's
plan in Keynes' plan for an International Clearing Union.
The longer the war went on, the more illusory a clearing union became.
It soon grew obvious that there was no possibility of implementing the
plan. The large German clearing deficits formed an obstacle to the realization
of the clearing union.
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Yoshitomo OKUNO
The local industrialization of eighteenth century Catalonia: industrial
district formation and sector conversion
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This paper analyzes why Catalonia was the only region of Spain to achieve
a standard of industrialization that was able to stand comparison with
advanced regions in the rest of Europe.
In eighteenth century Catalonia, there was a concentration of small
wool industry centres in the mid-north. This concentration was brought
about by such factors as viticultural specialization in the southeast,
and by the land system and the craft guilds in the mid-north. The resulting
possibility of economizing through agglomeration gave Catalan clothiers
a competitive advantage over other parts of Spain, and the mid-north
of the region became an active proto-industrial district. Meanwhile,
the beginning of the eighteenth century had seen the birth of the calico
printing industry in the Catalan capital, Barcelona, as a result of
the sort of "product innovation" found in other advanced European
regions. In the 1780s, this new industry came to need locally produced
cotton- spun yarn and cotton cloth. As a result, wool industry centres
began to convert to cotton, again using the advantages of agglomeration.
This connection between a rural proto-industrial district and an urban-based
new industry strengthened and enlarged Catalonia's industrial base,
turning it into a "fabrique collective".
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