Vol. 74, No.3

Eiichi MOTONO
Anglo-Japanese conflict and the failure of the trademark registration law during the Guangxu New Policy period

This article is the first part of my study of the process of how the attempts to introduce a trademark registration system ended in failure in late Qing and Republican China. This article first recounts the differing descriptions in British and Japanese sources of the violation of foreign firms’ trademarks by Chinese merchants in the 1890s. Then, it examines the failure of the British mercantile groups in China to influence the Qing government to draft a new trademark registration. The first trademark registration law in China, Shangpiao Zhuce Shiban Zhangcheng [Preliminary Law of Trade Mark Registration], was drafted under the supervision by an officer of the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce. The law was thus drafted to protect only the trademarks of Japanese firms (most of which were imitations of those of Western firms) rather than of Western firms. Therefore, Western diplomats in China, led by the British minister, Sir Ernest Satow, strongly opposed the Qing government’s enforcement of the Shangpiao Zhuce Shiban Zhangcheng.

Masataka SETOBAYASHI
Restructuring of the cotton-producing districts in North China at the beginning of the 20th century

This article provides an analysis of the formation and development of the cotton-producing districts in North China, focusing on questions of quality of the cotton grown during the decade beginning in 1910.

In the period before 1910, there was little notable development in the cotton-producing districts in North China. Things began to change noticeably in 1910, with the rise in cotton exports from Tianjin. Cotton exported from Tianjin was destined for markets in East Asia, the United States, and Europe, and each of the markets required different qualities of cotton. There were close links between the demands for the markets and specific cotton-producing districts, and campaigns for cotton improvement in the districts were carried out in response to market demands. Another factor influencing the development of the cotton-producing regions was the inflow of machine-spun cotton yarn. While the import of machine-spun yarn had a direct impact on the indigenous weaving industry, its implications differed by cotton-producing district.

This essay clarifies the importance of the developments during the decade of the 1910s--not simply as a prologue to what happens in the North China textile industry after 1920, but rather as a period during which the direction of later developments was shaped.

Michihiro OGAWA
The divided right to collect land revenue between the English East India Company and Jagirdar: a case study of dutarfa in Ratnagiri Taluka of the Bombay Presidency in the early 19th century

The aim of this article is to consider the British colonial rule in India through a study of a divided right to collect land revenue between the Company Government and indigenous landed revenue holders, such as Jagirdars. This article focuses on the divided right called dutarfa [having two rulers] in Ratnagiri Taluka in the early 19th century between the Bombay Government and the Jagirdar based at Vishalgad Fort.

The Government and the Jagirdar divided not only share of landed produce but also various rights in the economy and in the judiciary. Both exercised these rights through local magnates, such as khots [farmers], traders, etc., and therefore ruled the area indirectly under dutarfa.

The relations under dutarfa between the Bombay Government and the Jagirdar continued from the pre-colonial period according to the treaties of 1770 and 1784 between the peshwa [prime minister of the Maratha Kingdom] and the Jagirdar. But these relations were changed by two policies of the Bombay Government, viz. ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ and the abolition of transit duties in 1838, which restricted various interests of the Jagirdar and decreased their power. This change took place under a series of new policies of the Company Government beginning from the 1830s.

Kazunori MURAKOSHI
Did the feeding process in rural areas cause decreased growth among infants during the Taisho era (1912-1926)?

This paper addresses the relationship between the growth of infants and the feeding process in rural Japan during the Taisho era. First, I will establish that the growth rate of infants living in rural areas declined during this era from the rates that characterized the middle of the Meiji era (1890-1896) and the beginning of the Showa era (1927-1929). I will also establish that most infants living in rural areas during the Taisho era continued to be breast-fed until the end of their first year. In this context, I will argue that the declining growth rates of rural infants during the Taisho era can be attributed to the practice of breast feeding. In the next section, I will present evidence that breast feeding may have decreased in frequency when mothers engaged in heavy agricultural work after delivery. Finally, the aforementioned findings and arguments will be used to develop the hypothesis that decreased daily breast feeding, caused by engagement in heavy agricultural labor, led to diminished milk production among mothers for several months after delivery. Furthermore, many infants continued to be breast-fed, thus resulting in stunted growth during the latter half of infancy.