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Vol.
74, No.3
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Eiichi MOTONO
Anglo-Japanese conflict and the failure of the trademark
registration law during the Guangxu New Policy period
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This article is the first part of my study of the process of how the
attempts to introduce a trademark registration system ended in failure
in late Qing and Republican China. This article first recounts the
differing descriptions in British and Japanese sources of the violation
of foreign firms’ trademarks by Chinese merchants in the 1890s. Then,
it examines the failure of the British mercantile groups in China to
influence the Qing government to draft a new trademark registration.
The first trademark registration law in China, Shangpiao Zhuce Shiban
Zhangcheng [Preliminary Law of Trade Mark Registration], was drafted
under the supervision by an officer of the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture,
Industry, and Commerce. The law was thus drafted to protect only the
trademarks of Japanese firms (most of which were imitations of those
of Western firms) rather than of Western firms. Therefore, Western
diplomats in China, led by the British minister, Sir Ernest Satow,
strongly opposed the Qing government’s enforcement of the Shangpiao
Zhuce Shiban Zhangcheng.
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Masataka SETOBAYASHI
Restructuring of the cotton-producing districts in North
China at the beginning of the 20th century
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This article provides an analysis of the formation and development
of the cotton-producing districts in North China, focusing on questions
of quality of the cotton grown during the decade beginning in 1910.
In
the period before 1910, there was little notable development in the
cotton-producing districts in North China. Things began to change
noticeably in 1910, with the rise in cotton exports from Tianjin.
Cotton exported from Tianjin was destined for markets in East Asia,
the United States, and Europe, and each of the markets required different
qualities of cotton. There were close links between the demands for
the markets and specific cotton-producing districts, and campaigns
for cotton improvement in the districts were carried out in response
to market demands. Another factor influencing the development of
the cotton-producing regions was the inflow of machine-spun cotton
yarn. While the import of machine-spun yarn had a direct impact on
the indigenous weaving industry, its implications differed by cotton-producing
district.
This essay clarifies the
importance of the developments during the decade of the 1910s--not
simply as a prologue to what happens in the North China textile industry
after 1920, but rather as a period during which the direction of
later developments was shaped.
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Michihiro OGAWA
The divided right to collect land revenue between
the English East India Company and Jagirdar: a case study of
dutarfa in Ratnagiri Taluka of the Bombay Presidency in the
early 19th century
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The aim of this article is to consider the British colonial rule in
India through a study of a divided right to collect land revenue between
the Company Government and indigenous landed revenue holders, such
as Jagirdars. This article focuses on the divided right called dutarfa
[having two rulers] in Ratnagiri Taluka in the early 19th century between
the Bombay Government and the Jagirdar based at Vishalgad Fort.
The
Government and the Jagirdar divided not only share of landed produce
but also various rights in the economy and in the judiciary. Both
exercised these rights through local magnates, such as khots [farmers],
traders, etc., and therefore ruled the area indirectly under dutarfa.
The
relations under dutarfa between the Bombay Government and the Jagirdar
continued from the pre-colonial period according to the treaties
of 1770 and 1784 between the peshwa [prime minister of the Maratha
Kingdom] and the Jagirdar. But these relations were changed by
two policies of the Bombay Government, viz. ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ and
the abolition of transit duties in 1838, which restricted various
interests of the Jagirdar and decreased their power. This change
took place under a series of new policies of the Company Government
beginning from the 1830s.
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Kazunori MURAKOSHI
Did the feeding process in rural areas cause decreased
growth among infants during the Taisho era (1912-1926)?
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This paper addresses the relationship between the growth of infants
and the feeding process in rural Japan during the Taisho era. First,
I will establish that the growth rate of infants living in rural
areas declined during this era from the rates that characterized
the middle of the Meiji era (1890-1896) and the beginning of the
Showa era (1927-1929). I will also establish that most infants living
in rural areas during the Taisho era continued to be breast-fed until
the end of their first year. In this context, I will argue that the
declining growth rates of rural infants during the Taisho era can
be attributed to the practice of breast feeding. In the next section,
I will present evidence that breast feeding may have decreased in
frequency when mothers engaged in heavy agricultural work after delivery.
Finally, the aforementioned findings and arguments will be used to
develop the hypothesis that decreased daily breast feeding, caused
by engagement in heavy agricultural labor, led to diminished milk
production among mothers for several months after delivery. Furthermore,
many infants continued to be breast-fed, thus resulting in stunted
growth during the latter half of infancy.
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